ABSTRACT
Background: Phenytoin is the most commonly used anti-epileptic drug (AED) in this set up due to cost effectiveness and easy availability. Significant fluctuations in serum phenytoin levels leading to toxicities or treatment failures make it an ideal candidate for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).Methods: Patients of age ?18 years who were put on phenytoin were enrolled in this study. Estimation of serum phenytoin levels was done using HPLC. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Chi square test, Kruskal Wallis test were used to analyse the data.Results: A total of 105 patients enrolled in the study, twenty patients (19%) had normal or therapeutic serum phenytoin levels. Thirty-nine patients (37.2%) had sub therapeutic serum phenytoin levels, while forty-six patients (43.8%) had toxic serum phenytoin levels.Conclusions: The TDM of phenytoin should adopt a multi-disciplinary approach with active involvement of neuro-physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists and other technical staff for improving the overall management of epilepsy. TDM data will provide the clinicians with greater insight into the factors determining the patient’s response to drug therapy.
ABSTRACT
Background: Treatment of tuberculosis involves giving multiple drugs to the patient which is done to prevent development of resistance besides targeting all bacterial sub-populations. The objective of the present study was to find out the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of the first line anti-tubercular drugs and to calculate prevalence and causality of these drugs.Methods: The study was conducted by the Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Srinagar in association with the department of Chest medicine. All patients of tuberculosis on directly observed treatment-short course (DOTS) of either sex or age group were enrolled. An assessment of the causality and allocation of ADRs was done using Naranjo’s monitoring scale and WHO-UMC scale.Results: A total of 57 ADRs with 13 different types were observed in 164 patients, with an overall prevalence of about 34.7%. Thirty seven (64.9%) ADRs were categorized as having a ‘probable’ causal relationship while 17 (29.8%) was categorized as ‘possible’ as per the Naranjo’s scale. As per the WHO-UMC monitoring scale fifty two (91.2%) were categorized as ‘possible’ while three (5.3%) were categorized as ‘certain’.Conclusions: Occurrence of ADRs generally results in non-adherance. Timely detection of ADRs through an effective pharmacovigilance programme is the need of hour. The establishment of an active pharmacovigilance centre which was set up in our institution has paved the way to improve the quality of patient care by ensuring safer use of drugs and has helped us to identify and report the various ADR’s encountered.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic pharmacognostical characters of Costus speciosus (aerial parts) along with their physico-chemical parameters and fluorosence analysis.Method:microscopy, powder microscopy, leaf constant, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical investigation.Results:The findings of macroscopy revealed that leaves elliptic to oblong or oblong-lancoelate, The pharmacognostical characters were determined in terms of macroscopy, thick, spirally arranged, with stem clasping sheaths up to 4 cm, flowers large, white, cone-like terminal spikes, with bright red bracts. Transverse section of leaflet showed the presence of cuticularised epidermis with polygonal cells on adaxial surface and bluntly angled cells on abaxial surface of lamina, mesophyll cells differentiated in to single layered palisade cells on each surface and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma, unicellular and uniseriate multicellular covering trichomes, paracytic stomata and vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchymatous multicellular sheath. Preliminary phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of various phytochemical groups like alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolic constituents. Further, the leaf constants, powder microscopy and fluorescence characteristics indicated outstanding results from this investigationConclusions:Various pharmacognostical and physico-chemical parameters have pivotal roles in identification, authentication and establishment of quality parameters of the species.